Method and apparatus for identifying, authenticating, tracking and tracing manufactured items

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for identifying manufactured items in containers, where each container is suitable for containing two or more units, and where the method comprises the steps of: associating each unit with a unique unit identifier, uniquely identifying each unit, allocating two or more units to be contained in each container, uniquely identifying each container, for each container, determining one or more ranges of unit identifiers of the two or more units allocated to the container, and storing, in a database, a container identifier for each container, each container identifier being coupled, in the database, to the one or more ranges of unit identifiers of the two or more units allocated to the container. There is also provided methods and apparatus for authenticating, tracking and tracing the units.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for identifying, authenticating, tracking and tracing manufactured items. In particular, the present invention relates to methods and apparatus for identifying manufactured items in containers, each container suitable for containing two or more units, and methods and apparatus for authenticating, tracking and tracing those units.

Contraband and counterfeiting cause significant loss of revenue to producers of traded goods and to national authorities. Moreover, the illegal sale of counterfeited goods of inferior quality is detrimental to the customer and to the manufacturer. Legally produced goods may also be illegally imported or traded, for example in order to evade taxes or national regulations. Also, this is particularly important for other products, such as pharmaceuticals. In addition, regulations are increasingly being introduced to require manufacturers and distributors to be able to track such goods as they move through a global market.

The problems of contraband and counterfeiting are particularly acute for goods subject to special taxation, for example tobacco products. The problems also exist for many other kinds of traded products carrying a strong brand value, in particular for internationally traded products, such as perfumes, alcohols, watches and luxury goods in general. So, manufacturers, customers, distributors, importers, national authorities and other authorized parties need to be able to verify easily that particular goods are genuine and to be able to track goods easily as they are transported.

Many internationally traded products, including tobacco products, are shipped worldwide in shipping cases. Each shipping case typically contains a number of smaller cartons. Each carton may contain one or more individual products or packs of products. For example, for tobacco products, each shipping case may contain 50 cartons, and each carton may contain 10 packs, and each pack may contain 20 smoking articles.

Shipping cases are usually labelled with an identification code. For example, U.S. 2008/0046263 (or WO 2006/038114), the contents of which is incorporated herein by this reference thereto, describes a method and apparatus for marking and authenticating manufactured items, in which the identification codes of cartons do not need to be centrally stored. Such an identification code may provide information regarding production, and can be used to track the shipping case as it is transported, and to authenticate the products contained within the shipping case.

In one previously proposed method, each carton packed within a shipping case is identified using a carton identifier. Each shipping case is identified using a shipping case identifier. A central database stores each carton identifier and each shipping case identifier. In the database, each carton identifier is linked to the associated shipping case identifier and each shipping case identifier is linked to the associated carton identifiers. Such a known system may be implemented at the production line. Each carton is applied with a carton identifier (either directly, or onto packaging or a label). As each carton exits the production line, the carton identifier is read. Each carton identifier is sent to a database stored on a central server. Then, a plurality of cartons is packed into a shipping case. Each shipping case is applied with a shipping case identifying label having a shipping case identifier. As each shipping case leaves the production line, the shipping case identifier is read and sent to the database. The production line monitors which cartons are packed into which shipping case, and the database can then link a shipping case identifier to the plurality of carton identifiers of the cartons packed in the shipping case. Thus, for each carton, the associated shipping case can be identified and, for each shipping case, the associated cartons can be identified. This allows individual cartons to be tracked and identified via the carton and the shipping case identification codes.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF SOME ASPECTS OF THE DISCLOSURE

There exists a need for an improved method and apparatus for identifying, authenticating, tracking and tracing manufactured items.

According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a method for identifying manufactured items in containers, each container suitable for containing two or more units, the method comprising the steps of: associating each unit with a unique unit identifier; uniquely identifying each unit; allocating two or more units to be contained in each container; uniquely identifying each container; for each container, determining one or more ranges of unit identifiers of the two or more units allocated to the container; and storing, in a database, a container identifier for each container, each container identifier being coupled, in the database, to the one or more ranges of unit identifiers of the two or more units allocated to the container.

In the context of this invention, the term “identifying” is used to mean the classifying or categorizing of containers, units or items, for example at the production line. The identifying is carried out in order to distinguish one container, unit or item from another and to allow subsequent authentication, tracking or tracing. The term “authenticating” is used to mean the checking that a particular unit or container is authentic, that is, it has originated from a genuine source, and is not a counterfeit product. The term “tracking” is used to mean the monitoring of movement, location and time as the units and containers are transported and stored. This is particularly useful during the delivery process when units and containers may be passing through various shippers, delivery companies, importers and distributors on their way to customers. The term “tracing” is used to mean the locating of selected units or containers, for example for product recall.

The method of the invention allows individual units to be identified and tracked. This means that, even if illegal importers divide and mix the contents of containers, the items can still be tracked. Because each container identifier is linked only to ranges of unit identifiers for the units it contains, rather than to all the individual units' unit identifiers, the storage required in the database is smaller than in known systems. In prior art systems, a large number of carton identification codes must be stored for each shipping case. In the case of tobacco products, in which each shipping case typically contains 50 cartons, that requires 50 carton identification codes to be stored for each shipping case. The method of the invention allows the required data storage to be substantially reduced. In addition, it is unlikely that such prior art systems could be used for identification of each pack within a carton, as this would require even more storage: 10 pack identification codes for each carton, in addition to the carton and shipping case identification codes already stored. The method of the invention allows this, because the data storage requirements are reduced. Thirdly, in prior art systems, for authenticating the cartons, the actual carton identification code must be transmitted across a network, which may not be particularly secure. In the method of the invention, the actual carton identification code does not need to be transmitted.

Each unit may be an individual manufactured item. Alternatively, each unit may be a smaller container for manufactured items.

In one embodiment, each unit identifier comprises production details associated with the respective unit. In an alternative embodiment, each unit identifier is an encrypted version of production details associated with the respective unit. In that embodiment, preferably the identifier itself is not stored; preferably, only the production details and an encryption key used for the encryption are stored.

Preferably, the production details for each unit comprise one or more of: production location, production date, production time, and a counter value of an incremental counter.

The production details are unique to each unit. In order to achieve this, in one embodiment, the production details comprise only the counter value of the incremental counter. In an alternative embodiment, the production details comprise only the production time. However, in a preferred embodiment, the production details comprise the production location, the production date, the production time and the counter value of the incremental counter. In that embodiment, the incremental counter may be reset each time period.

The production location may comprise one or both of the production center and the specific production line, or the Code Generator Identification. The Code Generator Identification is an identifier uniquely identifying the point where the unit identifier is generated—see, for example, US 2008/0046263. The production time may be specified as accurately as desired and this will probably depend on the speed of production of the units. For example, the production time may be specified in terms of hours only. Alternatively, the production time may be specified in terms of hours and minutes. Alternatively, the production time may be specified in terms of hours, minutes and seconds.

The step of uniquely identifying each unit may comprise marking each unit with the unit identifier. Alternatively, the unit may be uniquely identified based on the unit's intrinsic properties, for example physical or chemical properties. The step of uniquely identifying each container may comprise marking each container with a container identifier. Alternatively, the container may be uniquely identified based on the container's intrinsic properties, for example physical or chemical properties.

The method may be incorporated into the production process for units and containers. The step of allocating two or more units to be contained in each container may comprise packing two or more units in a container.

In one exemplary embodiment, the container is a shipping case for tobacco products. In that embodiment, preferably, the unit is a carton for tobacco products. Each shipping case may be arranged to hold 50 cartons. Each carton may be arranged to hold 10 packs of smoking articles. Each pack may be arranged to hold 20 smoking articles. Preferably, each unit identifier is a 12-digit alphanumeric code, which is an encrypted version of the unit's production details. Preferably, each container identifier is a 40-digit number.

According to the first aspect of the invention there is also provided a method for identifying cartons of smoking articles in shipping cases, each shipping case suitable for containing 50 cartons, the method comprising the steps of: associating each carton with a unique carton identifier; uniquely identifying each carton; allocating 50 cartons to be contained in each shipping case; uniquely identifying each shipping case; for each shipping case, determining one or more ranges of carton identifiers of the 50 cartons allocated to the shipping case; and storing, in a database, a shipping case identifier for each shipping case, each shipping case identifier being coupled, in the database, to the one or more ranges of carton identifiers of the 50 cartons allocated to the shipping case.

According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for tracking a unit contained or formerly contained within a container for manufactured items identified according to the method of the first aspect of the invention, the method comprising the steps of: reading a unit identifier on the unit; and sending details of the unit identifier to a host including the database.

Preferably, the host is arranged to store the location of the unit determined from the reading of the unit identifier. Preferably, the host is arranged to store at least one previous location of the unit determined from at least one previous reading of the unit identifier. This is advantageous because the individual units can be tracked from location to location, using the unit identifiers. The host may also be arranged to store details of the movement of the unit, for example the route taken by the unit between locations, the time the unit was to be found at a particular location, and other details useful for tracking.

Preferably, the method further comprises the step of receiving, from the host, details of the at least one previous location of the unit. The method may further comprise the step of receiving, from the host, details of the movement of the unit.

Preferably, the host is arranged to determine, from the received unit identifier, the range in which falls the unit identifier of the unit and, hence, the container containing or formerly containing the unit, and preferably the host is arranged to store at least one location of the container containing or formerly containing the unit. The host may also be arranged to store details of the movement of the container containing or formerly containing the unit, for example the route taken by the container between locations, the time the container was to be found at a particular location, and other details useful for tracking.

Preferably, the method further comprises the step of receiving, from the host, details of the at least one location of the container containing or formerly containing the unit. The method may further comprise the step of receiving, from the host, details of the movement of the container containing or formerly containing the unit.

According to the second aspect of the invention, there is also provided a method for tracking a container for manufactured items identified according to the method of the first aspect of the invention, the method comprising the steps of: reading a container identifier on the container; and sending details of the container identifier to a host including the database.

According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for authenticating a unit contained or formerly contained within a container for manufactured items identified according to the method of the first aspect of the invention, the method comprising the steps of: reading a unit identifier on the unit; and sending details of the unit identifier to a host including the database.

Preferably, the host is arranged to determine, from the received unit identifier, the range in which falls the unit identifier of the unit and, hence, the container containing or formerly containing the unit. This is advantageous because the individual units can be authenticated, using the unit identifiers, as originating from a genuine container. If the unit identifier cannot be recognized or cannot be matched to a container, there may be a supposition that the unit is not genuine.

Preferably, the method further comprises the step of receiving from the host, confirmation that the unit is authentic. The confirmation may include an indication of the container containing or formerly containing the unit.

According to the third aspect of the invention, there is also provided a method for authenticating a container for manufactured items identified according to the method of the first aspect of the invention, the method comprising the steps of: reading a container identifier on the container; and sending details of the container identifier to a host included in the database.

According to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for tracing units contained within a container for manufactured items identified according to the method of the first aspect of the invention, the method comprising the steps of: determining the unit identifiers of the units to be traced; determining, from those unit identifiers, the one or more ranges of unit identifiers in which fall those unit identifiers; determining, from those ranges, the container or containers containing the units to be traced; and locating the determined container or containers.

The step of locating the determined container or containers may comprise reading, from a database, delivery and destination details for the container or containers.

According to the first aspect of the invention, there is also provided apparatus for identifying manufactured items in containers, each container suitable for containing two or more units, each unit being associated with a unique unit identifier, the apparatus comprising: means for uniquely identifying each unit; means for allocating two or more units to be contained in each container; means for uniquely identifying each container; means for determining one or more ranges of unit identifiers of the two or more units allocated to the container; and a database for storing a container identifier for each container, each container identifier being coupled, in the database, to the one or more ranges of unit identifiers of the two or more units allocated to the container.

Because each container identifier is linked only to ranges of unit identifiers for units it contains, rather than to all the individual units' identifiers, the data storage requirements are smaller than in known systems.

In one embodiment, each unit identifier comprises production details associated with the respective unit. In an alternative embodiment, each unit identifier is an encrypted version of production details associated with the respective unit. In that embodiment, preferably the identifier itself is not stored; preferably, only the production details and an encryption key used for the encryption are stored.

Preferably, the production details for each unit comprise one or more of: production location, production date, production time, and a counter value of an incremental counter. The production details are unique to each unit. In order to achieve this, in one embodiment, the production details comprise only the counter value of the incremental counter. In an alternative embodiment, the production details comprise only the production time. However, in a preferred embodiment, the production details comprise the production location, the production date, the production time and the counter value of the incremental counter. In that embodiment, the incremental counter may be reset each time period.

The means for uniquely identifying each unit may comprise means for marking each unit with the unit identifier. The means for uniquely identifying each container may comprise means for marking each container with the container identifier.

The apparatus may be incorporated into the production apparatus for units and containers. The means for allocating two or more units to be contained in each container may comprise means for packing two or more units in a container.

According to the first aspect of the invention, there is also provided apparatus for identifying cartons of smoking articles in shipping cases, each shipping case suitable for containing 50 cartons, each carton being associated with a unique carton identifier, the apparatus comprising: means for uniquely identifying each carton; means for allocating 50 cartons to be contained in each shipping case; means for uniquely identifying each shipping case; means for determining one or more ranges of carton identifiers of the 50 cartons allocated to the shipping case; and a database for storing a shipping case identifier for each shipping case, each shipping case identifier being coupled, in the database, to the one or more ranges of carton identifiers of the 50 cartons allocated to the shipping case.

According to the second aspect of the invention, there is also provided apparatus for tracking and authenticating a unit contained or formerly contained within a container for manufactured items identified according to the method of the first aspect of the invention, the apparatus comprising: a reader for reading a unit identifier on the unit; and a transmitter for sending details of the unit identifier to a host including the database.

Preferably, the apparatus further comprises a receiver for receiving messages from the host.

According to the invention, there is also provided a container for manufactured items identified according to the method of the first aspect of the invention. According to the invention, there is also provided a container identifier for such a container. According to the invention, there is also provided a unit contained or formerly contained within a container for manufactured items identified according to the method of the first aspect of the invention. According to the invention, there is also provided a unit identifier for such a unit.

Features described in relation to one aspect of the invention may also be applicable to another aspect of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be further described, by way of example only, with reference to FIGS. 1 to 5, wherein like reference numerals are applied to like elements and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view shows a shipping case having an identifying label including a shipping case identifier;

FIG. 2 schematically shows an embodiment of the method of the invention, for applying carton identifiers and shipping case identifiers at the production line;

FIG. 3 schematically shows a first example of carton production in which the invention may be implemented;

FIG. 4 schematically shows a second example of carton production in which the invention may be implemented; and

FIG. 5 schematically shows a third example of carton production in which the invention may be implemented.

FIG. 1 shows a shipping case 103 having an identifying label 105. Each shipping case 103 is suitable for containing two or more cartons 101. Each carton has a carton identifier 101 a. In this exemplary embodiment, the shipping case identifying label 105 comprises two portions: a machine-readable shipping case identifier 107 and a human-readable shipping case identifier 109.

In this embodiment, the human-readable shipping case identifier 109 is a 40 digit number. The 40 digit number is encoded into an EAN-128 (also known as GS1-128) barcode which forms the machine-readable shipping case identifier 107. The identifier 109, and hence the identifier 107, are unique for each particular shipping case 103. In this embodiment, the identifiers 107 and 109 typically identify information including, but not limited to, the production date (YYMMDD), the production time (HHMMSS), the production center, and the case packer number. The customer recipient of the shipping case may also be identified if already known. Since the identifiers 107 and 109 identify the same information, but simply have a different form, they will be referred to generically as shipping case identifier 103 a.

As discussed above, the shipping case identifying label can be used for tracking the shipping case. For example, a customer order may be linked to the identifying label or labels of the particular shipping case or cases containing the ordered goods. This allows the customer, the manufacturer and any intermediaries to constantly track the location of the required goods. This may be achieved using scanners for scanning the identifiers 103 a and communicating with a central database. Alternatively, the identifiers can be read by a human, who can then manually communicate with a central database.

The shipping case identifying label may also be used by customers, national authorities and other parties, to verify that a particular shipping case contains genuine articles. For example, a party may use a scanner to read the identifier 103 a on a shipping case (or the identifier can be read by a human, as discussed above). The identifier details may be sent to the central database. The central database can then lookup the identifier details, determine the shipping case production details and send those details to the scanner, thereby allowing the party to verify the shipping case, and the products contained therein, as genuine. In the event that the central database does not recognize the identifier, the party may suppose that the articles in question are counterfeit.

The shipping case identifying label may also be used for tracing shipping cases. For example, if the manufacturer needs to recall the products from a selected number of shipping cases, those shipping cases can be traced using their identifying labels.

As discussed previously, a method has already been proposed to link the shipping case identifier to the cartons contained within the shipping case. In that method, each carton identifier may be a 12-digit alphanumeric code. On the carton itself, the 12-digit alphanumeric code may be coded into a 2D barcode in the form of a datamatrix. The 12-digit code may also be printed onto the carton. As already mentioned, each shipping case identifier may a 40-digit number.

Thus, for that system, data storage in the database might be as shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 CARTON IDENTIFIER 101a SHIPPING CASE IDENTIFIER 103a L73Q2M5JQC47 0107623900507450200411071123100215222123 7S6UAJBL3U62 0107623900507450200411071123100215222123 4XJLKTND82CH 0107623900507450200411071123100215222123 CSY6KVHK4MTC 0107623900507450200411071123100215222123 C6SY9V53CXB6 0107623900507450200411071123100215222123 HVD31USQ0U0V 0107623900507450200411071123100215222123 DBJ2UBX5RWCC 0107623900507450200411071123100215222123 ELQU4CJNAL57 0107623900507450200411071123100215222123 PWA2E2TZYCWK 0107623900507450200411071123100215222123 9UB9ASGG20F6 0107623900507450200411071123100215222123 U26V5VKG8WCH 0107623900507450200411071123100215222123 . . . . . .

Thus, each carton identifier 101 a (in this case a 12-digit alphanumeric code) is linked to the identifier 103 a of the shipping case (in this case a 40-digit number) to which it is allocated. Each shipping case identifier 103 a is, in turn, linked to the carton identifiers 101 a of all the cartons contained in the shipping case.

Consider the above described example used for tobacco products. In this case, each shipping case 103 contains 50 cartons 101. Each shipping case 103 has an identifier 103 a which comprises a 40 digit code. In one example, because of repetition of certain digits and redundancy of certain digits (at least for this purpose), this can be compacted into 8 bytes of storage. Each carton 101 has an identifier 101 a which comprises a 12-digit alphanumeric code. Each alphanumeric digit requires 1 byte of storage. So each, carton identifier 101 a requires 12 bytes of storage. Thus, each shipping case requires 50×(12+8)=1000 bytes≈1 kilobyte of storage (since the 40 digit code is stored for every alphanumeric code). Given the huge numbers of smoking articles produced worldwide, the database size required will be enormous.

In the present invention, the required data storage is considerably reduced.

In an embodiment, each carton identifier is an encrypted version of the following information: the code generator ID that generates the code, the production date and time, and an incremental counter reset at the start of each minute (see, for example, U.S. 2008/0046263, already mentioned). That is, in this embodiment, each carton identifier is an encrypted version of production details of the respective carton. Thus, the carton identifier information might be as shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 CARTON CODE PRODUCTION IDENTIFIER GENERATOR ID DATE & TIME COUNTER . . . . . . . . . . . . L73Q2M5JQC47 116 23/11/2007 10:11 86 7S6UAJBL3U62 116 23/11/2007 10:11 87 4XJLKTND82CH 116 23/11/2007 10:11 88 CSY6KVHK4MTC 116 23/11/2007 10:11 89 C6SY9V53CXB6 116 23/11/2007 10:11 90 HVD31USQ0U0V 116 23/11/2007 10:12 1 DBJ2UBX5RWCC 116 23/11/2007 10:12 2 ELQU4CJNAL57 116 23/11/2007 10:12 3 PWA2E2TZYCWK 116 23/11/2007 10:12 4 9UB9ASGG20F6 116 23/11/2007 10:12 5 U26V5VKG8WCH 116 23/11/2007 10:12 6 . . . . . . . . . . . .

Note that Table 2 shows the connection between the encrypted carton identifier and the production details. Since, in this embodiment, the carton identifier is the production details, in encrypted form, there is no need to store both the carton identifier and the production details, as long as the key used for encryption is known (see, for example, U.S. 2008/0046263, already mentioned). Thus, Table 2 does not represent what is actually stored in the database.

Because of the counter, the production details for each carton are unique, even if several cartons are produced each minute.

Each carton is then allocated to a shipping case. Depending on which cartons are allocated to a shipping case, ranges of the production details of the cartons allocated are defined. For example, if the 11 cartons identified in Table 2 are all allocated to a single shipping case, two ranges are defined. The first range will be cartons produced on date 23 Nov. 2007, at time 10:11 on the Code Generator 116, having Counters 86 to 90. This will cover the first five cartons. The second range will be cartons produced on date 23 Nov. 2007, at time 10:12 on the Code Generator 116, having Counters 1 to 6. This will cover the final six cartons. Thus, for a shipping case containing these eleven cartons, only two ranges would need to be stored, as shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 SHIPPING CASE CODE PRODUCTION FROM TO IDENTIFIER GENERATOR ID DATE & TIME COUNTER COUNTER 010 . . . 123 116 23/11/2007 10:11 86 90 010 . . . 123 116 23/11/2007 10:12 1 6

Because the production details for each carton are unique, each range defines a precise range of cartons. In this case, the production details are unique because, for cartons produced within the same minute, the incremental counter is different, and the incremental counter is reset each minute.

As will be discussed further below, on average a shipping case will contain two ranges of cartons, if the production details and ranges are suitably defined. As before, each shipping case identifier requires 8 bytes of storage (in one embodiment in which certain digits are repeated or redundant). The production date and time requires 2 bytes of storage, the Code Generator ID requires 4 bytes of storage, the From Counter requires 1 byte of storage and the To Counter requires 1 byte of storage. Thus, each range requires 8 bytes of storage. Thus, each shipping case on average requires 2×(8+8)=32 bytes of storage. Compared to the previous system, this has reduced the storage required from 1000 bytes to 32 bytes: a vast reduction.

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary method for implementing this embodiment of the invention at the production line. Each carton 101 is applied with a carton identifier 101 a (either directly or onto packaging or a label). As each carton 101 exits the production line 201, the carton identifier 101 a is read. Each identifier 101 a (or more likely the production details associated therewith) is sent to a database 203 stored on central server 205.

Then, a plurality of cartons 101 are packed into a shipping case 103. Each shipping case 103 is applied with a shipping case identifier 103 a. As each shipping case leaves the production line, the identifier 103 a is read and sent to the database 203. The production line monitors which cartons are allocated to which shipping case. Once the cartons associated with the shipping case have been established, one or more ranges of production details can be stored for that shipping case. That is, at 207, for each shipping case identifier, the ranges are identified and stored. Thus, in the database, a shipping case identifier 103 a is linked to the appropriate range or ranges of the production details of the cartons packed in the shipping case. The number of ranges required in certain circumstances, will be discussed further below.

Once the shipping cases and cartons have been identified as described with reference to FIG. 2, individual cartons can be authenticated, tracked and traced as will now be described.

A customer, distributor, national authority or other authorized party can read the identifier on a carton 101. This carton identifier 101 a can then be sent to the central database 203. From the database, the associated shipping case can be identified. This can be used to authenticate that the carton is genuine and has indeed originated from a genuine source and was originally packed into a genuine shipping case. Of course, if the carton identifier is not recognizable, or if it cannot be linked to a shipping case, the supposition may be that the carton is counterfeit. In addition, for tracking purposes, the location of the carton can be stored when the carton identifier is sent to the database 203 and this data can be used to track the movement of the carton, for example, the route taken by the carton. That information can also be used for tracing individual cartons, for example for product recall.

Three examples of particular circumstances, in which the invention may be applied, will now be described.

EXAMPLE 1

Example 1, illustrated schematically in FIG. 3, is an example in which individual cartons exiting the production line are packed into a shipping case in the same order in which the carton identifiers were applied. Carton identifiers are applied at 301 and read at 303.

Within the context of this example, the case when 50 cartons are packed into a shipping case is now discussed. If at least 50 cartons are produced each minute (i.e. there are at least 50 counter values for each minute of production), each shipping case will only need to be linked to 1 or 2 ranges. If all the cartons in the shipping case are produced in the same time period, the shipping case will be linked to only a single range of production details. If the cartons are produced across two time periods, two ranges will be required in this example. If fewer cartons are produced each time period, of course more ranges will be required, requiring more storage. Thus, the precision of the time period can be chosen depending on the rate of production, to minimize the storage required.

Referring to the storage requirements discussed above, if each shipping case references a single range, this will only require 16 bytes of storage. Even if each shipping case reference two ranges, this will only require 32 bytes of storage. This is a vast improvement on storage requirements in the prior art.

EXAMPLE 2

Example 2, illustrated schematically in FIG. 4, is an example in which the cartons exiting the production line are mixed up before being packed into a shipping case. Carton identifiers are applied at 401 and read at 403. The cartons are mixed at 405. This means that cartons having consecutive carton identifiers are not packed into the shipping case consecutively. This is a realistic example, since individual cartons may well be removed for quality checks, and buffers, which reorder the cartons, may be provided between production lines and packing or between stages in the production line.

Within the context of this example, the case when 50 cartons are packed into a shipping case is now discussed. In many situations, no change to the ranges will be required. For example, for four cartons 1, 2, 3 and 4, if cartons 2 and 3 are swapped, the original range will still be valid, because cartons 1 to 4 will still all be included in the shipping case. However, if cartons are removed completely, or the cartons are mixed up more substantially, a new range may need to be started. In the worst case scenario, that is, with maximum mixing, each shipping case will need to reference 50 ranges. This corresponds to each carton in the shipping case falling within a separate range (that is, a separate minute of production or non-consecutive counter values within the same minute). However, less mixing is likely and the shipping case may then reference a small number (but greater than one) of ranges.

Referring to the storage requirements discussed above, even if each shipping case references 50 ranges, this will still only require 50×(8+8)=800 bytes of storage. This is less than the 1000 bytes required in the prior art. And, in most circumstances, the number of ranges required will be less than 800 bytes.

EXAMPLE 3

Example 3, illustrated schematically in FIG. 5, is an example in which a shipping case contains cartons from two separate production lines, A and B. Carton identifiers are applied at 501A and 501B, for production lines A and B respectively, and read at 503. Without any mixing, this will require the shipping case to reference at least two ranges: one from production line A and one from production line B. Even with maximum mixing, the shipping case will only need to reference a maximum of 50 ranges as in Example 2.

Referring to the storage requirements discussed above, if the shipping case references a range from Production Line A and a range from Production Line B, this will require 32 bytes of storage. On the other hand, if the shipping case reference 50 ranges, some from Production Line A and some from Production Line B, this will required 800 bytes of storage, still less than prior art requirements. In practice, the amount of storage will be somewhere between these two values.

In the above description, examples have been used in which each shipping case contains 50 cartons, but the shipping case could contain any number of cartons. The unique identifiers—in the described examples, production details—can be defined appropriately depending on the number of cartons to be packed in each shipping case and the rate of production, so as to minimize data storage requirements. The principle could also be applied to cartons and packs, rather than shipping cases and cartons. The principle could also be applied to pallets and shipping cases. In fact, the principle may be applied where any items are stored in or on containers, each of which contains more than one item or smaller containers of items.

The invention provides a number of advantages. Firstly, as already discussed, the amount of data storage required is considerably smaller than the data storage required in prior art systems. Secondly, the reduced data storage requirements mean that the system of the invention could easily be applied to identification of smaller items, for example each pack of smoking articles within a carton or even each smoking article within a pack, without excessive storage requirements. Finally, the carton identifier only needs to be transmitted through a network when it is being checked. At all other times, only the range or the key of the encrypted range, needs to be transmitted, and not the carton identifier itself. This means that the system is potentially more secure. 

1. A method for identifying manufactured items in containers, each container suitable for containing at least two units, the method comprising the steps of: associating each unit with a unique unit identifier; uniquely identifying each unit; allocating at least two units to be contained in each container; uniquely identifying each container; for each container, determining at least one range of unit identifiers of the at least two units allocated to the container; and storing, in a database, a container identifier for each container, each container identifier being coupled, in the database, to the at least one range of unit identifiers of the at least two units allocated to the container.
 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein each unit identifier is an encrypted version of production details associated with the respective unit.
 3. A method according to claim 2, wherein the production details for each unit comprise at least one of: production location, production date, production time, and a counter value of an incremental counter.
 4. A method for tracking a unit contained or formerly contained within a container for manufactured items identified according to claim 1, the method further comprising the steps of: reading a unit identifier on the unit; and sending details of the unit identifier to a host including the database.
 5. A method for tracking according to claim 4, wherein the host is arranged to store the location of the unit determined from the reading of the unit identifier.
 6. A method for tracking according to claim 4, wherein the host is arranged to determine, from the received unit identifier, the range in which falls the unit identifier of the unit and, hence, the container containing or formerly containing the unit, and wherein the host is arranged to store at least one location of the container containing or formerly containing the unit.
 7. A method for authenticating a unit contained or formerly contained within a container for manufactured items identified according to claim 1, the method further comprising the steps of: reading a unit identifier on the unit; and sending details of the unit identifier to a host including the database.
 8. A method for authenticating according to claim 7, wherein the host is arranged to determine, from the received unit identifier, the range in which falls the unit identifier of the unit and, hence, the container containing or formerly containing the unit.
 9. A method for tracing units contained within a container for manufactured items identified according to claim 1, the method comprising the further steps of: determining the unit identifiers of the units to be traced; determining, from those unit identifiers, the one or more ranges of unit identifiers in which fall those unit identifiers; determining, from those ranges, the container or containers containing the units to be traced; and locating the determined container or containers.
 10. Apparatus for identifying manufactured items in containers, each container suitable for containing at least two units, each unit being associated with a unique unit identifier, the apparatus comprising: means for uniquely identifying each unit; means for allocating at least two units to be contained in each container; means for uniquely identifying each container; means for determining at least one range of unit identifiers of the at least two units allocated to the container; and a database for storing a container identifier for each container, each container identifier being coupled, in the database, to the at least one range of unit identifiers of the at least two units allocated to the container.
 11. Apparatus for tracking and authenticating a unit contained or formerly contained within a container for manufactured items identified according to claim 1, the apparatus comprising: a reader for reading a unit identifier on the unit; and a transmitter for sending details of the unit identifier to a host including the database.
 12. Apparatus for tracking and authenticating according to claim 11, further comprising a receiver for receiving messages from the host. 